ABSTRACT
Abstract: Persons with an intellectual disability (ID) who interact with the Quebec health and social services system are faced with major decisions regarding the care they are offered. As consent to care derives from the fundamental right of all persons to personal inviolability and to autonomous decision making, they therefore have the right to accept or refuse any and all health and psychosocial care proposed. However, as free and informed consent to care must be given by an able person, the situation becomes somewhat more complicated whereas persons with ID are concerned. This article presents reflections on the challenges and issues relative to these persons' consent to health and psychosocial care.
Resumen: Las personas con discapacidad intelectual (ID) que interactúan con el sistema de salud y los servicios sociales de Quebec se enfrentan a decisiones importantes sobre la atención que se les brinda. Dado que el consentimiento a la atención se deriva del derecho fundamental de todas las personas a la integridad personal y a la toma de decisiones autónomas, éstas tienen el derecho de aceptar o rechazar cualquier atención de salud y psicosocial que se les proponga. Sin embargo, como el consentimiento libre e informado a la atención debe ser dado por una persona apta, la situación se vuelve más complicada en las personas con ID. Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre los desafíos y temas relativos al consentimiento de estas personas hacia la salud y la atención psicosocial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Competency , Persons with Mental Disabilities , Intellectual Disability/therapy , Quebec/epidemiology , Patient-Centered Care , Third-Party Consent , Decision Making , Vulnerable Populations , Psychiatric Rehabilitation , Human Rights , Informed Consent , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Intellectual Disability/epidemiologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relative frequency of epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva in Canada. METHODS: A retrospective study of 12,102 consecutive cases received during 16 years (1993-2009) at the Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory in Montreal, Canada, was performed. Demographic data was retrieved from histopathological request forms and specimens were categorized and analyzed by mean percentage. The relative frequency of epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva from a single center in Canada, representing the province of Quebec was reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 12,102 specimens reviewed, 273 were conjunctival lesions (2.25 percent), including 86 epithelial tumors (0.71 percent) of the conjunctiva that comprised the studied sample. The average age of these patients was 59.9 ± 17.6 years, and gender distribution was 66 (69 percent) males and 30 (31 percent) females. Fifteen lesions (17.4 percent) were classified as squamous cell papillomas (mean age, 57.3 ± 16.7 years). Within the ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) spectrum, there were 10 (11.6 percent) actinic keratosis (63.8 ± 17.6 years), 27 (31.3 percent) cases of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with variable degrees of atypia (mild to moderate) (63.9 ± 15.3 years), 15 (17.4 percent) carcinomas in situ (66.7 ± 18.0 years), and 17 (19.7 percent) squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (56.2 ± 19.4 years). Two other rare cases of malignant tumors included one basal cell carcinoma and one mucoepidermoid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of our sample is similar to the one reported by the American Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in 1994. When we compare our sample to others coming from countries with high levels of sunlight exposure, we found a lower incidence of ocular surface squamous neoplasia, including squamous cell carcinomas in Canada.
OBJETIVO: O estudo realizado teve como objetivo fornecer a relativa frequência de cada lesão epitelial de conjuntiva no Canadá. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de todos os casos recebidos durante 16 anos (1993-2009) no Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, em Montreal. Dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos por meio de requerimento e laudos histopatológicos, sendo classificados e analisados pelo porcentual na amostra. A relativa frequência de lesões epiteliais da conjuntiva foram obtidas em um único centro de análises no Canadá. RESULTADOS: Entre 12.102 espécimes revisadas, 273 foram lesões conjuntivais (2,25 por cento), sendo 86 tumores epiteliais (0,71 por cento) entre a amostra estudada. A idade média das lesões neoplásicas da conjuntiva foi de 59,9 ± 17,6 anos, e a distribuição por sexo foi de 66 (69 por cento) homens e 30 (31 por cento) mulheres. Quinze lesões (17,4 por cento) foram classificadas como papilomas de células escamosas (idade média 57,3 ± 16,7 anos). No grupo das neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular (NESO) foram encontrados 10 (11,6 por cento) casos de queratose actínica, (63,8 ± 17,6 anos), 27 (31,3 por cento) casos de neoplasia intraepitelial (NIC), com moderada atipia (63,9 ± 15,3 anos), 15 (17,4 por cento) carcinomas in situ (66,7 ± 18,0 anos), e 17 (19,7 por cento) carcinomas de células escamosas (CCE) (56,2 ± 19,4 anos). Dois outros casos menos frequentes de tumores malignos foram incluídos; um carcinoma de célula basal e outro carcinoma mucoepidermoide. CONCLUSÃO: A distribuição de nossa amostra é semelhante a encontrada no Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) em 1994, porém quando comparamos nossa amostra com estudos realizados em países com altos níveis de exposição solar observamos menor incidência de neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular, incluindo-se carcinomas de células escamosas.